Through three historical periods--the Napoleonic Wars, World War I, and World War II-- Poles were forced to fight in other nations' armies to defend a Poland th
During World War II, London was transformed into a European city, as it unexpectedly became a place of refuge for many thousands of European citizens who throug
Cromwell's alliance with France in 1657 opened for the English Republic and Charles II's army in exile a new theater of war in Flanders - in addition to England
Operating from outside their homelands, exile armies have been an understudied phenomenon in history and international politics. From avoiding the fate of being