Particulate emissions from gasoline direct injected engines are a topic of growing research interest due to health concerns. Using engine tests of extended leng
For years, diesel engines have been the focus of particulate matter emission reductions. Now, however, modern diesel engines emit less particles than a comparab
The Ministry of Environment and Climate Change (MOECC) found that black carbons (BC) concentrations were significantly higher in summer than in winter, which co
Due to both potential climate and health concerns, research interest in the formation of particulate matter in GDI engines remains strong. However, the processe
The effects of fuel composition on reducing PM emissions were investigated using a Ford Focus wall-guided gasoline direct injection engine (GDI). Initial result